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On March 22, AstraZeneca released results from its U.S. clinical trial showing that its vaccine is 79% effective and with no serious side effects. Overnight, the National Institutes of Health issued a statement, saying the board charged with ensuring the accuracy of the trial expressed concern that the company may have included “outdated information” in the trial. This unusual announcement is the latest in a series of questions over how effective and how safe the AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine is. Maureen Ferran, a virologist at the Rochester Institute of Technology, answers five questions about the AstraZeneca vaccine.

1. How does it work?

The AstraZeneca vaccine is a viral vector vaccine, much like the Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine. This type of vaccine uses a harmless adenovirus to deliver genetic instructions for a protein from SARS-CoV-2 into your cells. Your cells then make that protein, and your body will recognize the foreign protein and activate an immune response that will protect you from future infection. While the Johnson & Johnson vaccine uses a human adenovirus, the AstraZeneca vaccine uses an adenovirus that normally causes the common cold in chimpanzees. This virus can’t replicate in the human body or get you sick.

A box full of vaccine vials.

The AstraZeneca vaccine is very effective at preventing severe illness from COVID-19. Yawar Nazir/Getty Images News via Getty Images

2. How effective is it?

On March 22, researchers announced the results of the U.S.-based AstraZeneca vaccine clinical trial. They found the vaccine to be 79% effective at preventing symptomatic COVID-19 and 100% effective at preventing severe COVID-19. They also didn’t find any serious side effects associated with the vaccine.

Within 24 hours, the NIH said in a statement that an independent data review board had concerns about the trial. The board stated that the data used in the trial was “outdated” and may give an “incomplete” view of results. On March 23, 2021, AstraZeneca agreed to share up-to-date information with the health agency to clarify the results of the trial.

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Earlier trials of the AstraZeneca vaccine also showed an overall efficacy of about 70% but had also faced problems. A manufacturing error led to some dosage mistakes during the first phase 3 trial in Brazil and the U.K. These dosage mistakes made calculating the true efficacy rate more complicated than usual.

Despite these missteps, overall, the studies show that the AstraZeneca vaccine is effective at preventing disease caused by the original strain of SARS-CoV-2. However, evidence is emerging that it isn’t very good against some of the new variants of the virus.

In a small preprint study that has yet to be peer-reviewed, researchers found that the AstraZeneca vaccine is only 22% effective at preventing mild or moderate illness caused by the variant first discovered in South Africa. As a result, the South African government has decided to no longer use the AstraZeneca vaccine and is instead relying on other ones.

Despite these weaknesses, the World Health Organization continues to recommend the AstraZeneca vaccine in countries where new variants are circulating because the experts believe the vaccine may still protect against severe disease and death.

Although this vaccine is somewhat less effective compared with mRNA-based vaccines, it is cheaper to produce and can be stored at normal refrigerator temperatures, making it a powerful tool in the global immunization effort.

3. Who’s using the AstraZeneca vaccine?

As of late March, the AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine has been given authorization in 86 countries – first by the U.K. in December and then by the European Union, Canada, India, Argentina, the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Mexico and Morocco in January. In February, the World Health Organization granted the vaccine emergency use listing, making the vaccine available in low- and middle-income countries.

So far, over 17 million doses have been administered in the European Union and the U.K., but none yet in the U.S.

4. When might the U.S. authorize the vaccine?

Although the AstraZeneca vaccine has been approved for use in many countries, the company has not yet applied for emergency use authorization in the U.S. AstraZeneca is expected to do so in March or early April, and if the Food and Drug Administration gives the vaccine the green light, vaccines could be shipping out by mid- to late April in the U.S. It is hoped that emergency use authorization in the U.S. will bolster global confidence in the vaccine.

An adenovirus particle looks like a 20-sided die with small protrusions.

The AstraZeneca vaccine uses a harmless adenovirus – shown here – to deliver genetic material into a person’s cells. AstraZeneca, CC BY-ND

5. What’s going on with reports of blood clots?

There have been recent reports of people getting certain kinds of blood clots after receiving the AstraZeneca vaccine. In response, the European Medicines Agency began investigating a possible connection. Of the 20 million recipients of the AstraZeneca vaccine, they found 25 instances of those specific blood clots – seven cases of clots in multiple vessels throughout the body and 18 cases of clots forming in people’s brains, which can result in a hemorrhage.

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On March 18, the agency released a statement saying that the vaccine “is not associated with an increase in the overall risk of thrombotic events or blood clots,” but it did acknowledge that there were a “small number of cases of rare and unusual but very serious clotting disorders.” The agency said that it could not confirm nor rule out causality, so it recommended that manufacturers add a warning label to the vaccine. They also recommended that recipients be told to seek immediate medical attention if they experience symptoms associated with these types of rare clotting disorders, such as easy bruising or bleeding and persistent or severe headache, particularly more than three days after vaccination.

After considering the evidence, the European Medicines Agency, the World Health Organization and U.K. health authorities concluded that the benefits of the AstraZeneca vaccine far outweigh any risks.

The most recent concerns from the NIH are valid, but once they are addressed, many other experts and I hope that the AstraZeneca vaccine will play a major role in worldwide vaccination.

This is an updated version of an article originally published on March 22, 2020. It was updated to include reflect concerns over the data used in the U.S. clinical trial.

Boris Johnson Is Unable to Govern While He Battles COVID-19. Here's How the U.K. Is Running Without Him

U.K. Prime Minister Boris Johnson is in intensive care with COVID-19, making him the first world leader to be forced to take a break from their role because of the coronavirus.

On Tuesday, a spokesperson said he was in a stable condition and not on a ventilator.

But he is taking time off from the job, and in his absence the country’s Cabinet is collectively running the country. Foreign Secretary Dominic Raab, who is also the U.K.’s First Secretary of State —and therefore Johnson’s de-facto deputy—is signing off on key decisions.

On Tuesday morning, Cabinet Minister Michael Gove said the government has put in place a contingency plan made up of several teams, which would allow the country to keep running smoothly even if many ministers come down with COVID-19 all at once.

Here’s what will happen to the U.K. now that Boris Johnson is incapacitated.

What’s the line of command?

Technically, Dominic Raab is “deputizing” for Johnson, but unlike the U.S., the U.K. does not have a constitutional arrangement that sets out a deputy who would immediately take over power if the leader is injured or killed.

And while Raab is acting as leader temporarily, Gove stressed on Monday his authority stemmed from the consent of the Cabinet. “It means he can effectively deputize for the Prime Minister in terms of chairing meetings and making sure decisions taken at those meetings are then followed through,” he told the BBC.

That means that if Johnson dies from COVID-19, Raab won’t automatically become Prime Minister.

Ultimately it’s the Queen who has the power to appoint a new Prime Minister, but by convention she follows the advice of the party of government.

In the absence of a Prime Minister, it would fall to the Cabinet to select a candidate to become Prime Minister on a temporary basis. Or, since the U.K. does not have a constitutional provision requiring a Prime Minister at all times, they could run the country collectively until a new leader was elected by the Conservative Party. The Queen would then appoint that person Prime Minister.

How is the U.K. government running without Johnson?

Raab is chairing the government’s daily meeting on COVID-19 and has the power to make operational decisions.

But on Monday, Gove declined to comment about whether Raab has taken on the other powers of the Prime Minister, such as authority to fire nuclear weapons, declare war, or hire or fire members of the Cabinet.

“I simply can’t talk about national security matters,” Gove said when asked by the BBCabout whether Raab would have authority to fire nuclear weapons if the country came under attack.

That was cause for concern for some lawmakers. “It is important to have 100% clarity as to where responsibility for U.K. national security decisions now lies,” Conservative lawmaker and a former defence minister Tobias Ellwood wrote on Twitter. “We must anticipate adversaries attempting to exploit any perceived weakness.”

And on the question of hiring or firing ministers, Gove suggested Raab’s authority is more limited than Johnson’s. “The Prime Minister always remains the Prime Minister,” he said. “But I don’t think there’s anything other than a suggestion of a great team spirit within government.”

Gove also said the top echelons of government had been divided into teams focusing on different areas of response to the coronavirus — like health, the economy and welfare. After the interview on Tuesday, Gove said he himself would be going into isolation after a member of his family fell ill with suspected coronavirus. He is continuing to work from home.

https://time.com/5816794/uk-government-boris-johnson-coronavirus/

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The virgin mother mary

Mary was given to service as a consecrated virgin in the Temple in Jerusalem when she was three years old, much like Hannah took Samuel to the Tabernacle as recorded in the Old Testament. Some apocryphal accounts state that at the time of her betrothal to Joseph, Mary was 12–14 years old.

Egypt.